Audiology aims at providing evaluation of hearing conditions for all ages. It includes the hearing monitoring and conservation design to meet the individual requirements and conditions that may impact hearing.

Condition treated under audiology are:

Hearing Loss: Various factors than cause hearing loss can include,

age, noise exposure, genetics, and certain medications. 

Audiology includes the diagnosis and treatment of different types of hearing loss that include: 

• Sensorineural Hearing Loss:This is a result of damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. 
• Conductive Hearing Loss:Condition of the outer or middle ear wherein the sound is prevented from reaching the inner ear. 
• Mixed Hearing Loss:A combination of both conditions of sensorineural and conductive hearing loss. 
• Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSHL):A condition that may result in a sudden and rapid loss of hearing. 

Tinnitus: Tinnitus is a condition that includes ringing, buzzing, or other phantom noises in the ears. 

Auditory Processing Disorders (APD): APD is a condition where sound can be heard however the individual may find it difficult to process and understand the sounds. 

Vestibular Disorders: Vestibular disorders impact the balance system, resulting in dizziness, vertigo, and other balance problems

Other Conditions that are addressed by audiology are earwax impaction, ear infections, and issues of foreign objects in the ear. 

Primary malignant melanoma of the breast (PMMB) is a form of cancer in the breast cancer, that can occur in the breast skin or within the breast tissue.It appears as a palpable lump in the breast. The primary treatment for both primary and metastatic melanoma of the breast, is Surgery with wide local excision being the standard for cutaneous melanoma. 

Other treatments may include radiation therapy and systemic therapies, depending on the stage and extent of the disease. 

The warning symptoms of malignant melanoma include:

• Moles with asymmetrical shapes, with very different-looking halves.
• Changes in colour. Growths that have many colours.
• Changes in size of the mole
• Unusual border

Colon and Rectal Surgery also referred to as Colorectal surgery covers a range of surgical procedures for treating diseases and conditions of the colon, rectum, and anus. It is a branch within medicine called proctology that addresses disorders of the lower digestive tract, including the small bowel, colon, rectum, and anus. Colorectal surgeons are trained to manage both surgical and non-surgical aspects of these conditions. 

Conditions treated under Colorectal surgery, include:

• Cancer:Colon and rectal cancers. 
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD):Conditions that include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis which may necessitate surgical interventions.  
• Diverticulitis:Inflammation of small pouches in the colon. 
• Hemorrhoids:A conditions where veins in the anus and rectum are enlarged. 
• Anal fistulas and fissures:An ailment involving connections or tears being developed in the anal area. 
• Bowel obstructions:Blockages in the colon or rectum. 
• Congenital disabilities:Birth defects affecting the colon or rectum. 
• Injuries and infections:Trauma or severe infections in the anal or rectal area. 
• Constipation:Severe cases of constipation may require surgical intervention. 
• Rectal prolapse:Protrusion of the rectum through the anus. 
• Pelvic floor disorders:Conditions that impact the muscles and tissues which support the pelvic organs. 

Surgical procedures: Common colorectal surgeries include: 

• Colectomy:Removal of part or all of the colon. 
• Proctectomy:Removal of part or all of the rectum. 
• Anoplasty:Surgical procedure to repair of the anus. 
• Hemorrhoidectomy:Surgical removal of hemorrhoids. 
• Colostomy and ileostomy:Creating an opening in the abdomen to divert waste, sometimes temporary durinsg healing. 
• Sphincter-sparing surgery:Procedures designed to preserve the anal sphincter, crucial for continence. 
• Laparoscopic and robotic surgery:Minimally invasive techniques that can reduce recovery time and scarring. 
• Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM):A minimally invasive approach for certain rectal procedures. 
• Coloanal anastomosis: A surgical procedure in case of rectal cancer that involve connecting the colon to the anus or after resection of the rectum.
• Total Mesorectal Excision (TME):A surgical technique in the treatment of rectal cancer that involves removing the tissue surrounding the rectum. 

Endocrine surgery is a surgical intervention focused to manage treatment of diseases relating to the endocrine glands, that produce hormones that are required to regulate various functions in the body.  It includes surgical procedures on organs like the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and parts of the pancreas and pituitary gland. 

Thyroid Gland:

• Thyroid nodules:Abnormal growths developed on the thyroid gland, which could be cancerous. 
• Thyroid cancer:Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland necessitating surgical procedure. 
• Hyperthyroidism:Overactive thyroid, arising out of conditions like Graves’ disease or toxic thyroid nodules, and needing the removal of part or all of the thyroid. 
• Goiters:Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
• Hypothyroidism:Underactive thyroid, wherein a surgery might be to address nodules or goiters causing thyroid dysfunction. 

Parathyroid Glands:

• Hyperparathyroidism:Overactive parathyroid glands, causing high blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia), often due to adenomas or cancer.
• Parathyroid cancer:Cancer of the parathyroid gland.
• Parathyroid adenomas:Benign tumors of the parathyroid gland. 

Adrenal Glands:

• Adrenal tumors:Both benign and cancerous tumors of the adrenal glands.
• Cushing’s syndrome:Condition caused by excessive cortisol production, often due to adrenal tumors.
• Pheochromocytoma:Rare tumor of the adrenal gland that produces excess adrenaline, leading to high blood pressure and rapid heart rate.
• Primary aldosteronism:Overproduction of aldosterone, causing hypertension and low potassium. 

Pancreas:

• Pancreatic tumors:Tumors of the pancreas, including insulinomas (insulin-producing tumors) and  

Other:

• Neuroendocrine tumors:

Tumors of the endocrine cells in various organs, including the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. 

• Genetic disorders:

Certain genetic conditions that predispose individuals to endocrine tumors (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia or MEN). 

Gastroenterology is focussed with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the complete digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus, as well as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. 

While hepatology is the branch within Gastroenterology focussed on the treatment of conditions of the liver, gallbladder, biliary tree, and pancreas. Some conditions of diagnosis and management of Hepatology are hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. 

Gastroenterology and Hepatology aim at the treatment and management of conditions like:

Gastroenterology Conditions:

• Esophageal and Stomach: GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, hiatal hernia, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastroparesis.
• Small and Large Intestine: Celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, colon polyps, colorectal cancer, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diverticulosis/diverticulitis, anal fistula, hemorrhoids.
• Pancreas and Biliary Tract: Pancreatitis (acute and chronic), pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma), gallstone disease, cholecystitis.
• Other Digestive Conditions: Indigestion, food poisoning, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, fecal incontinence, intestinal obstruction, functional GI disorders.

Hepatology Conditions:

• Liver Diseases:Hepatitis (A, B, C), alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), autoimmune hepatitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson’s disease, portal hypertension, liver tumors. 
• Gallbladder and Bile Duct: Conditions related to Gallstones, cholangitis, bile duct cancer. 
• Other Liver-Related Conditions:Ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatopulmonary syndrome. 

Inter-related Conditions:

Certain conditions can have an affect on both, the digestive system as well as the liver, like Chronic liver disease can lead to complications in the digestive system, and digestive issues can impact liver health. 

Functional GI Disorders: Functional GI disorders are conditions where the digestive system’s function is impaired without any visible structural abnormalities. These are e conditions that include, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), functional constipation, functional diarrhea, and functional dyspepsia. 

Neurosurgery encompasses both surgical procedures as well as the non-surgical management to treat disorders of the nervous system that includes the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. It includes the neurological conditions across ages.

Neurosurgery techniques are improved in terms of precision and patient outcomes by the utilization of advanced technologies like robotics and minimally invasive procedures.

Examples of conditions treated

• Brain tumors.
• Spinal cord injuries.
• Peripheral nerve disorders.
• Deep brain stimulation (DBS) 
• Skull base surgery.
• Head and brain injuries.

Obstetrics and Gynaecology are a combined specialisation to provide comprehensive care for women. 

The Obstetrician and Gynecologist act as primary care physicians for women health, providing routine check-ups, preventative care, and managing various health issues. 

Gynecology:

It includes diagnosing and treating the health conditions of organs that includes the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva which form the complete female reproductive system.

It also deals with disorders related to menstrual problems, infections, infertility, and cancers of the reproductive organs and involves performing procedures like Pap smears, biopsies, and surgeries related to the reproductive system. 

Obstetrics

Focuses on the care of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period by managing prenatal care, monitoring fetal development, and assisting with delivery.  It covers the handling of complications during pregnancy, including high-risk pregnancies, and performing surgical deliveries like cesarean sections. 

Ophthalmology covers a wide range of eye conditions, beginning with common issues like cataracts and glaucoma to more serious disorders and injuries.

Various common Conditions treated by ophthalmology:

• Cataracts
• Glaucoma
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
• Refractive Errors
• Amblyopia
• Strabismus

Other Conditions:

Types of Eye Surgery:

Refractive Surgery:

Vision problems such as near-sightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism can be corrected with procedures like LASIK, PRK, and SMILE to reshape the cornea.

Cataract Surgery:

The cataract surgery procedure aims to help regain clarity of vision. This is done by replacing the affected lens of the eye with an artificial lens.

Glaucoma Surgery:

Glaucoma, is caused by increased pressure inside the eye, which is treated with procedures like trabeculectomy or tube-shunt surgery to create new a drainage pathway for fluid.

Corneal Surgery:

This covers techniques like keratoplasty, the procedure where damaged or diseased corneas with replaced by healthy donor tissue.

Vitreoretinal Surgery:

Retinal tears, detachment, and other retinal diseases are managed by surgeries like cryopexy, scleral buckle, and vitrectomy.

Eyelid Surgery:

Procedures like blepharoplasty corrects excess eyelid skin and drooping eyelids, while some are used to correct turned-in or turned-out eyelids.

Strabismus Surgery:

This surgery rectifies misaligned eyes by adjusting the muscles that control eye movement.

Eye Muscle Surgery:

Similar to strabismus surgery, this focuses on the muscles that control eye movement, often to address double vision.

Other Surgeries:

These surgeries include the treatment of open globe injuries, eye removal (enucleation), and tear duct surgery

Orthopedic surgery, pertains to maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system, that comprises of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. It involves both surgical and nonsurgical treatments for a wide range of conditions, including injuries, diseases, and congenital disorders. Orthopedic surgeons diagnose, treat, repair, and prevent problems within this system, utilizing various techniques to restore mobility, function and alleviate pain. 

This includes both surgical and nonsurgical methods

• Surgical:This includes procedures like joint replacements, fracture repairs, arthroscopies, and spinal fusions. 
• Nonsurgical:This involves physical therapy, medications, injections, braces, and other supportive devices. 

The various procedures under orthopaedic surgery are:

Joint Replacement: Involves replacement of a damaged or diseased joint with artificial implants (prostheses) made from metal ceramic or plastic. Most commonly performed procedures are the replacements of Hip, knee, and shoulder. 

Arthroscopy: A minimally invasive technique wherein a camera and small instruments are inserted through small incisions to diagnose and repair joint problems like meniscus tears, rotator cuff tears, or cartilage damage. 

Fracture Repair: Procedures deployed for stabilizing and healing broken bones, which may involve internal fixation (pins, plates, screws) or external fixation (frames). 

Spinal Surgery: Procedures include spinal fusion, laminectomy, and discectomy. These are performed to address spinal conditions like herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or scoliosis. 

Corrective Surgery: Procedures to improve function and alignment by the correction of skeletal deformities, such as clubfoot or scoliosis.

Tendon and Ligament Repair: Reconstruction of damaged tendons and ligaments, by sports injuries. 

Hand and Wrist Surgery: Procedure for several conditions affecting the hand and wrist, that include carpal tunnel release, trigger finger release, and treatment of fractures and tendon injuries. 

Foot and Ankle Surgery: Involves procedures for conditions like bunions, hammertoe, ankle instability, and fracture repair. 

Tumor Removal: Surgical removal of bone or soft tissue tumors. 

Arthroplasty: Joint reconstruction or replacement, including partial or total joint replacements. 

Fusion: A procedure where bones are fused together, often used in spinal surgery to stabilize the spine. 

Urology is a surgical branch of medicine which deals with the urinary and reproductive systems in both males and females. It includes the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect the kidneys, bladder, urethra, adrenal glands, and male reproductive organs, like Testes, Scrotum, Spermatic cord,

Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory ducts, Urethra. Seminal vesicles and Prostate gland:

Some examples of urological conditions:

• Kidney stones 
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs) 
• Bladder control problems (incontinence) 
• Prostate problems (enlargement or cancer) 
• Male infertility 
• Erectile dysfunction 
• Certain cancers (bladder, kidney, prostate)