Gallstones are hardened deposits of digestive fluid that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located beneath the liver. These stones can vary in size and may be made of cholesterol, bile salts, or calcium. Gallstones often develop silently, but when they block a bile duct, they can cause intense pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and even jaundice. Risk factors include obesity, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, a high-fat diet, and family history.

While some people with gallstones remain asymptomatic, those with symptoms usually require treatment. The most common and effective option is gallbladder removal surgery (cholecystectomy), which is typically done laparoscopically for quicker recovery. For those who cannot undergo surgery, medication or nonsurgical treatments may be considered, though they are less common. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications such as gallbladder infection or pancreatitis.